CHAPTER 16 SECTION 1

I) a history of expansion (pg.361)
-russian espansion affected neighbors as well as the entire worlds political geography

A) birth of an empire
-russia began in the region between the Baltic and Black seas
-9nth century, Scandinavian Vikings came to take advantage of the trade between seas
-they established a settlement (what is now Kiev) near the Dnieper River
-as the vikings adopted slavic customs, the settlement began to expand
-expansion halted in the 13th century due to Tatars (Mongolian invaders)
-Mongolian warrior legacy is legendary
-Tatars sacked kiev, 1237-12240
-Mongols controlled region until 1500's
           a)Ivan the Great, Prince from Moscow ended their rule
-Russia continued to expand east
-by the end of 17th century russia had built an empire that extended to the pacific
-people and territory continued to be added to russia
          a)many people consisted of different ethnicity and culture

B)Russia lags behind wesern europe
-Russia's territorial growth was rapid, though its progress was less impressive
-science and technology lagged behind the rest of western europe
-Peter the Great, czar of russia from 1682-1725 tried to change that
-he reestablished Russia capitol as Saint Petersburg instead of Moscow, which was on the Baltic sea
-Baltic sea provided direct access to western europe by sea
-Peter made impressive strides towards modernizing Russia
-Russia industrialized around a century later than other Western European countries
-when it came around, industry led to harsh working condition
        a)low wages
         b) and other hardship
-these conditions contributed to the peoples anger towards the czars

C)The rise and fall of the soviet union
-russian civilian anger broke out into riot during WWI
-1917 Russians Revolt occurred, ending rule of czars
-Russian Communist party led by V. I. Lenin took control of the gov.
-the party took control of the Economic Decisions
-USSR was what the nation was deemed in 1922
       a)they ruled from their new capitol, Moscow
-Joseph Stalin took charge during WWII in 1939
-he led russias fight against the Nazis
-as the war dragged on, Russias relationship w/Allies worsened
-after the war, Stalin installed Pro-Soviet gov.s in eastern Europe countries his armies had liberate 
-U.S. feared this new russian expansion would cause communisim to sread acrossed the globe
by late 40's, tension resulted in the Cold War
-name was given due to no actual conflict breaking out
-rivalry continued into the 80's
-Mikhail Gorbachev began giving the soviet people more economic freedom
-this process led to the downfall of the Soviet Union in 91, as well as the end of the Cold War
-after the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia was divided into 15 independent republics
-russia was the largest and had the most power of the 15
-today, russia has a popularly elected president.
its legislature  (Federal Assembly) is divided in-between two chambers, the Federation Council and the State Duma

II) Building a Command Economy pg.364
-Communists who overthrew the Czarist Russia in 1917 had strong ideas that drastically transformed economic geography in the region.

A)An Economic Dream
-Karl Marx, a german philosopher inspired communists
-Marx believed communism was doomed because it left money and the hands of few, and the hands of many in poverty
-he believed Communism would replace Capitolism
-"in a communism, citizens would own property together and would share wealth"

B)Harsh Reality
-society was moved towards communism
           a)adoption of Command Economy
             b)gov. took control of mojar sources of wealth
            c)gov. decided what products would be manufactured and grown as well as prices
-rapid industrialization was a goal
-enormous Collective Farms were built
-9/10 farms were collective by 1939
-Soviets had Firmly established their power on the countryside
-production increased, but sacrifice followed
-millions starved to death, partly due to Collective Farming
-survivors realized only a small number of individuals benefited fro the economic changes
-under Stalin, protesting was punished
-estimated 14million people died under Stalin's control
-since the fall in 1991, russian leaders aimed to reduce state Monopoly on economic power

III) a Rich Culture pg.365
though hard times were indured, czar couldnt crush culture and spirit

A)ethnicity and religion
-Russian expansion caused rich variety in ethnicity
-russia has the greatest ethnic diversity in the region
-largest group, russians, at 80%
-nearly 70 other ethnicity resides
-mostly Orthodox Christianity

B) artistic genius
-Church architecture are amongst the earliest achievments
-golden age of culture began when Russian and western Europe art mixed  
-18th and 19th century artisits: Aleksandr Pushkin and Feodor Dostoyevsky gave important portait of czarists
-Peter Tchaikovsky and Igor Stravinsky earned world wide attention
-artists who didn't create art that optimistically represented socialism were outlawed 
-artistic expression has strengthened since the fall of the SU

IV) Tradition and Change in Russian life
-since the fall of the SU, Russia has been influenced by western europe and other countries

A)a more open society
-regions have begun to enjoy more social and culture oppertunities
-Moscow and Saint Petersburg now resemble major citeis in the west
-though new influence has increased, native orginin is still strong
-Russias national drink actually is Vodka

B)Dachas and Banyas
-1/4 of russia population lives in rural areas
-30% own homes in the country for vacation and weekends
              a)these homes are called Dachas
               b) often small, plain houses with gardens for vegetables
-a Banya is a bathhouse where cleaning rituals with dry sauna, steam bath, and ice cold water take place


Summery
russia started out as a small mass of territory that built and built. once it got large enough, it was taken over by communism to get even more control. this harmed and isolated the russian community for a long time. once two World Wars, the Cold War, and the Soviet union was brought to a hault, russia began opening up and its people began to become influenced by surrounding areas, like eastern Europe.